Grow legumes



 The temperature in New York has recently become warmer, and it is the best time to broadcast legumes and vegetables. Leguminous vegetables are annual or biennial herbaceous plants of the leguminous family, which have irreplaceable functions of other vegetables and occupy an important position in the entire vegetable family. There are many kinds of legume vegetables, most of which are eaten with fresh seeds or pods. Different varieties have different flavors. Bean vegetables are not only rich in nutrients, but also have significant health effects. It is rich in protein and more carbohydrates, fats, calcium, phosphorus and various vitamins and mineral elements. It can supplement part of the body's heat and protein needs, maintain the body's acid-base balance and help digestion.

　　 People like to grow legume vegetables, because it has a well-developed root system, taproot system, with symbiotic nodules of different shapes and numbers, which can fix nitrogen in the air and effectively improve soil fertility. Bean vegetables are easier to grow than other vegetables, because they have a certain degree of barren tolerance and a certain degree of drought resistance, and the demand for nitrogen fertilizer is not as much as that of leafy vegetables and root vegetables. Bean vegetables like fertile loam or sandy loam, soil with good drainage and aeration. Such soil is conducive to the growth and development of root nodules and rhizobia, and improves the ability of nitrogen fixation. Bean vegetables are not suitable for continuous cropping, and crop rotation can be implemented for 2-3 years. Continuous cropping can secrete organic acids from the roots and increase the acidity of the soil, so that the plants are dwarfed, the stems and leaves are yellow, and they die early. The legume vegetables that are often cultivated in home gardens are: common beans, cowpeas, edamame, lentils, kidney beans, which prefer temperature, and peas and broad beans which prefer cold climates.


　　Seed Sterilization Seed Soaking Method Before live broadcast, there must be good seeds and selected seeds, and seeds should be disinfected, soaked, accelerated germination, and broken dormancy, etc. Seed quality is directly related to the emergence of seeds and the growth, yield and quality of seedlings. The purity and fullness of the seeds you keep yourself can't be questioned. However, if the seeds are purchased from outside, the credibility of the seed company, whether the packaging logo is standardized, and whether it is new seeds must be considered. After opening the packaging bag, before sowing, you must select the seeds that are large and plump and sow.

　　 Seed dormancy means that seeds with vitality cannot germinate even when given suitable conditions for germination. Almost all bean seeds have dormancy phenomenon, but the degree of dormancy is different. Seeds in a dormant state should take measures to break dormancy before sowing. The method is: For seeds with thick seed coats, break the seed coats so that moisture and air can enter the inside of the seeds smoothly and promote the seeds to swell and germinate.

　　Some seeds do not germinate, which has nothing to do with the seed coat. It is hindered by inhibitors. For example, the method of soaking the seeds can separate the inhibitors from the seeds. Chinese farmers often use chemicals or plant growth regulators, such as 0.01% gibberellin and 0.2% urea for soaking seeds, to break seed dormancy for a while. There are other effective means to promote the germination of bean seeds. For example, treating the seeds with dormancy characteristics at appropriate low or high temperature can also break their dormancy. The seeds of cool bean vegetables can be placed in a low temperature of 5°C for 3-5 days after soaking, and the effect of breaking dormancy is obvious. Many bean vegetable diseases are spread through seeds, and most of the pathogenic bacteria lodge on the surface of the seeds, and the diseased seeds are broadcast live. When the pathogens encounter suitable conditions, they will multiply quickly. The purpose of disinfecting bean seeds before sowing is to eliminate pathogenic bacteria. Commonly used methods are:

　　Wen Soup Seed Soaking Method: The temperature of the water used must be 55℃, and the water consumption is 5-6 times the volume of the seeds. When soaking the seeds, keep stirring and keep the water temperature for 10-15 minutes, and then let the water temperature decrease to continue soaking the seeds. The water temperature of cold bean vegetables is 20-22℃, and the temperature of bean vegetables is 25-28℃.

　　 Hot water blanching method: Seeds that are difficult to absorb water should be blanched with hot water at a temperature of 70-75°C or even higher. The technical points of hot water scalding are: the amount of water should not exceed 5 times the amount of seeds, and the seeds should be fully dried. Because the seeds have less water content, the more they can withstand high-temperature water absorption and air permeability, the sterilization effect is better, and the virus can be inactivated. Two containers are used when blanching seeds. Pour the hot water back and forth. The first few actions should be fast and violent to dissipate the hot air and provide oxygen. Pour until the water temperature drops to 55°C, then change to constant stirring and maintain This temperature for 7-8 minutes.

　　 Dry heat treatment method: In order to improve the vigor of the seeds, the dry seeds are placed at a high temperature above 75 ℃ to inactivate the virus and prevent the spread of virus diseases.

　　Medicinal solution seed soaking method: For the disinfection of legume vegetable seeds, seed soaking in liquid medicine and seed dressing with powder are also commonly used. Seed soaking with medicinal solution is to immerse the seeds to be treated in a certain concentration of medicinal solution, after 5-10 minutes of treatment, and then take out the seeds, wash and dry. When soaking the seeds, first soak the seeds in water for 2-3 hours, so that the germs on the surface of the seeds will begin to germinate and grow, which can improve the bactericidal effect of the medicament. The time for soaking the seeds with the medicament should not be too long, usually 10-30 minutes. After soaking, the seeds should be rinsed with clean water, otherwise it will cause phytotoxicity. The dosage of the liquid medicine is generally more than 1 times the amount of the seeds, and all the seeds are immersed in the liquid medicine. 1% potassium permanganate is a commonly used agent for seed disinfection in general households, and two types of agents, copper sulfate and formalin, are commonly used in farmers. The common disinfection method for dressing seeds with powder is to mix the powder with the seeds evenly so that the powder adheres to the surface of the seeds before sowing. The medicament acts in the soil to achieve the purpose of killing pathogenic bacteria. The dosage of medicinal powder is generally 0.1%-0.4% of the seed weight.

　　 Even sowing, dense and transparent

　　 The general principle of legume vegetable live broadcast is: just make the vigorous period of vegetable product organ growth in the most suitable month of climatic conditions. Generally, legume vegetable seeds can be sown directly with dry seeds many times in early spring, but warm legume vegetables are often broadcast live in early and mid-April, and cold legume vegetables are broadcast live in summer and autumn. Sowing is generally the main method, and for large seeds or more expensive seeds, digging holes for direct seeding is adopted. The sowing requires uniform sowing. For example, the radicle should not be broken during sowing, if the seeds are used for sowing after accelerating germination.

　　 Regardless of whether you use dried seeds, soaked or germinated seeds, you must pour the soil with foot water before broadcasting. In order to make the sowing uniform, the wet seeds should be spread and aired before the live broadcast, and the seeds can also be separated by dry fine soil or plant ash before sowing. After the seeds are sowed, they should be properly suppressed so that the seeds are in close contact with the bed soil, and then covered with dry fine soil. The thickness of the covering soil varies depending on the size of the seed, generally 1-2 times the thickness of the seed. Too thick soil is not good for seed unearth. After covering the soil, you can sprinkle some grass and cover with plastic film to reduce the evaporation of the bed soil and stabilize the temperature of the bed soil.

　　 Any kind of legume vegetables in live broadcast should pay attention to the seeding density, because this will directly affect the quality of the seedlings. If the seedlings are too dense, the seedlings will tend to crowd each other during or after emergence, and the mutual light transmission will be poor, which will easily cause excessive growth and induce diseases. However, the seeding is too sparse and the land utilization rate is low, which will cause a lot of waste. When determining the seeding density, factors such as the growth time of the seedlings in the seeding bed, the size and spread of the seedling leaves, and the relative growth rate of the seedlings should be considered. The general principle should be that the seedlings should have enough growth space when transplanting or planting, and they should not be crowded with each other. Generally, the large seedlings are sparse, the small seedlings are dense, and the time from sowing to transplanting is long and the time is short; the seedlings have large leaves and the expansion degree are sparse, and the leaves are small and the expansion degree is small and dense.

　　 Prevent seeds from wearing caps

　　 If the soil surface is hardened after sowing, it will prevent air circulation, hinder the respiration of the seed when it germinates, and make it difficult for the seed to germinate. Even if the seeds can germinate, the lack of air in the soil will affect the growth and development of roots and may produce deformed seedlings. The main reason for the formation of soil slab is poor quality of nutrient soil, not loose enough, and improper watering method or watering method. To prevent soil formation, first use high-quality organic nutrient soil for growing seedlings. Do not sprinkle when watering. When seedlings are used for direct broadcast, sometimes the seed coat does not fall off and clamps the cotyledons after the seedlings are unearthed. This phenomenon is called "wearing a hat". Since the cotyledons can't expand, it will hinder photosynthesis and make the seedlings malnourished. This phenomenon is harmful to legume vegetables because there are many cotyledons in legume vegetables.

　　 

       The seeds are poor in fullness and the seeds are dry. When reserving seeds, I don’t understand that the fruits in the later stages of the growth stage mature earlier due to high temperature, and there are fewer nutrients stored in the seeds. This kind of seed often appears "wearing a hat" after sowing. 2. The topsoil of the seedlings was too dry during the unearthed process, which made the seed coat dry and hard, and "wearing a hat" appeared. 3. After sowing, the cover soil is too thin, the seed coat is easy to dry, or the seed is easy to unearth, and the seed coat remains on the seedling.