• TYPES OF AGRICULTURE

            

 The types of agriculture is the regional expression of agricultural structure and management methods. It is a regional agricultural production system formed due to the influence of natural, technological, and economic conditions within a certain geographical scope and at a certain historical development stage. It is relatively stable. The International Geographical Union established the Agricultural Type Committee in 1964 to organize countries around the world to carry out agricultural type research. Among them, Polish agricultural geographer J. Kostrowicki has done more research. He proposed to use 4 Group characteristics (society, management technology, production, structure) and 27 indicators to divide the world into 61 agricultural types. Research on agricultural types in China is relatively weak, and is only carried out in a few typical areas, such as Zhongshan City in Guangdong Province, Ganzi Aba Area in Sichuan Province, and Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province. Scientifically divide agricultural types to provide a scientific basis for realizing agricultural regionalization and specialization.

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Subject agricultureTypes of Ecological agriculture, etc.

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Sixteen types of agriculture

Noun Interpretation

The type of agriculture is the regional expression of the agricultural structure and management methods. It is a regional agricultural production system formed under the influence of natural, technological, and economic conditions within a certain geographical scope and at a certain historical development stage, and it is relatively stable. The same type has similar production conditions, structural characteristics, management systems, land use methods, development directions and approaches. Agricultural type is the concept of agricultural classification, which contains systematic or categorical characteristics. It focuses on the formation of agricultural regional structure and is a reflection of the objective reality of agriculture. It is often not connected in spatial distribution and can appear repeatedly. The agricultural area type can be used as a grassroots agricultural area, which is the basis of agricultural zoning; the higher-level agricultural area is a combination of several agricultural types. The types of agriculture are basically the same as the types of agricultural regions. The former emphasizes the characteristics of agricultural sectoral structure, while the latter focuses on the regional characteristics of agriculture, that is, the geographical combination of various agricultural sectors. Agricultural type is an important part of agricultural geography research. Its main research contents include: ①The formation conditions of types and their development and change process and distribution rules; ②The structure of agricultural sector, production characteristics and their interrelationships; ③Agricultural management methods, intensive The level of development and specialization; ④The development direction and construction methods of different types of agriculture. The International Geographical Union established the Agricultural Type Committee in 1964 to organize countries around the world to carry out agricultural type research. Among them, Polish agricultural geographer J. Kostrowicki has done more research. He proposed to use 4 Group characteristics (society, management technology, production, structure) and 27 indicators to divide the world into 61 agricultural types. Research on agricultural types in China is relatively weak, and is only carried out in a few typical areas, such as Zhongshan City in Guangdong Province, Ganzi Aba Area in Sichuan Province, and Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province. Scientifically divide agricultural types to provide a scientific basis for realizing agricultural regionalization and specialization.

Efficient agriculture

Agriculture is an industry that produces food and industrial raw materials by cultivating animals and plants. According to the classification of production objects, it is usually divided into: plantation, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery, and sideline; according to the amount of input, it is classified into extensive agriculture (less input) and intensive agriculture (more input); subsistence agriculture (developing countries) according to product use And commercial agriculture (developed countries). The nature of products show us agriculture is divided into PRIMITIVE AGRICULTURE, ANCIENT AGRICULTURE AND MODERN AGRICULTURE .

Sixteen types of agriculture are the following:

Ecological Agriculture

Ecological agriculture is based on the principles of ecology and economics, using modern scientific and technological achievements and modern management methods, as well as the effective experience of traditional agriculture to establish a modern agriculture that can obtain higher economic, ecological and social benefits.

Ecological agriculture has the following characteristics:

1. Comprehensiveness. Eco-agriculture emphasizes the overall function of the agricultural ecosystem, taking large-scale agriculture as the starting point, and according to the principle of “integrity, coordination, recycling, and regeneration”, comprehensively planning, adjusting and optimizing the agricultural structure, so that agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline, and fishery The comprehensive development of primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in rural areas and rural industries, and enable each industry to support each other, complement each other, and improve comprehensive production capacity.

2. Diversity. Aiming at my country’s vast territory, where the natural conditions, resource bases, and economic and social development levels vary greatly, eco-agriculture fully absorbs the essence of my country’s traditional agriculture, combines modern science and technology, and uses a variety of ecological models, ecological engineering, and a variety of technical types. Equipped for agricultural production, all regions can maximize their strengths and avoid weaknesses, give full play to their regional advantages, and coordinate development of all industries in accordance with social needs and local conditions.

3. High efficiency. Eco-agriculture realizes economic value-added through material recycling and multi-level comprehensive utilization of energy and serialized deep processing, implements waste resource utilization, reduces agricultural costs, improves efficiency, creates internal agricultural employment opportunities for a large number of rural surplus labor, and protects farmers’ agricultural employment. Positivity.     

4. Sustainability. To develop ecological agriculture securely and give improvements, the ecological environment of agriculture and rural economy into sustainable development, and closely integrate environmental construction with economic development to maximize satisfaction. While people's increasing demand for agricultural products, the stability and sustainability of the ecosystem will be improved, and the stamina of agricultural development will be enhanced.

Three-dimensional agriculture

Three-dimensional agriculture refers to the implementation of multi-level and multi-level planting, cultivation, and breeding in the same unit area of ​​land or water based on the characteristics of microorganisms Animals and Plants and their importance for external environmental growth. An integrated agricultural production method used.                                                              

Three-dimensional agriculture features four points: the diversity of biological species, the level of species structure, the intensive use of resources, the comprehensiveness of production technology, and the marketability of product adjustments.

organic agriculture

Organic Agriculture (Organic Agriculture) is to comply with certain organic agricultural production standards. In the production, organisms and products obtained by genetic engineering are not used, chemically synthesized pesticides, fertilizers, growth regulators, feed additives and other substances are not used, and they follow the laws of nature. It is an agricultural production method that harmonizes the balance between planting and aquaculture and uses a series of sustainable agricultural technologies to maintain a sustainable and stable agricultural production system based on ecological principles. The characteristics of organic agriculture can be summarized into four aspects:

① Establish a recycling agricultural production system to maintain the long-term productivity of the soil.

② Regarding the soil (rich in microorganisms), plants, animals, and humans in the system as an interconnected organic whole should receive equal care and respect from people.

③ Use methods that can withstand the land and the ecological environment for farming, engage in agricultural production in accordance with the laws of nature, and do not use synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators, etc., to fully reflect the natural nature of agricultural production.

④The products of the organic agricultural production system are organic foods processed completely in accordance with the prescribed procedures and standards.

Intensive agriculture

Intensive agriculture is a mode of operation in agriculture. It is an agriculture that concentrates a certain amount of labor and production materials on a small amount of land and uses intensive management methods for production. Corresponding to extensive agriculture, agriculture that invests more means of production and labor on a certain area of ​​land and increases the output of agricultural products through the application of advanced agricultural technology measures is called "intensive agriculture."

Irrigated agriculture

①Generally refers to agriculture that uses water to irrigate the fields. Its characteristic is to meet the needs of plants for water through irrigation measures, adjust the temperature of the land and the nutrients of the soil, so as to improve the productivity of the land. Mainly through various agricultural water conservancy irrigation facilities, to meet the needs of crops for water, adjust land temperature, humidity, soil air and nutrients, and improve land production capacity. It is a kind of stable and high-yield agriculture. Therefore, irrigated agriculture has been developed all over the world, especially on the banks of major rivers, such as the Mississippi River in North America, the Amazon River in South America, the Yangtze River in Asia, and the Nile River in Africa. China's irrigated agriculture has been very developed since ancient times. As early as the beginning of the Warring States period, the Dujiangyan water conservancy project was built improvised to irrigate large tracts of farmland in the Chengdu Plain, and it is still playing benefits today.

②In particular, it refers to agriculture that can only exist in arid and semi-arid areas with very little rainfall, which can only exist through irrigation.

Petroleum Agriculture

Petroleum agriculture is also known as oil-intensive agriculture, chemical agriculture, inorganic agriculture or industrial agricul-ture (industrial agricul-ture). It is the general term for highly industrialized agriculture based on cheap oil in developed countries in the world economy. Under the guidance of the theory that expensive production factors (ie manpower, animal power, land, etc.) can be replaced by cheap production factors (ie petroleum, machinery, pesticides, fertilizers, technology, etc.), agricultural development is based on oil, coal, and Large-scale agriculture based on natural gas and other energy and raw materials, operating in a way of high investment and high energy consumption.

Precision agriculture is a system supported by information technology to locate, time and quantitatively implement a complete set of modern agricultural operation technology and management based on spatial variation. Its basic meaning is to adjust the input to crops according to the soil properties of crop growth, that is, on the one hand Investigate the spatial variation of soil properties and productivity within the field, on the other hand, determine the production target of crops, carry out positioning "system diagnosis, optimized formula, technical assembly, scientific management" to mobilize soil productivity with the least or most economical input Achieve the same income or higher income, improve the environment, efficiently use various agricultural resources, and achieve economic and environmental benefits. Precision agriculture is composed of ten systems, namely global positioning system, farmland information collection system, farmland remote sensing monitoring system, farmland geographic information system, agricultural expert system, intelligent agricultural person who operating the agriculture machinations system which can be said to be a new type of agriculture that integrates information technology and agricultural production.

Facility agriculture

Facility agriculture is to obtain the most suitable growth conditions for plants by changing the natural environment, with high input and high output, and is an advanced production method that improves the level of resource and capital intensification.

It refers to the artificial creation of habitat conditions for biological growth and development through the establishment of structural facilities and full utilization of natural environmental conditions under environmental conditions that are not suitable for biological growth and development, so as to achieve high-yield and efficient modern agricultural production methods.

White agriculture

White agriculture refers to the industrialized new agriculture of microbial resource industrialization, including fermentation engineering and enzyme engineering of high-tech biological engineering. The white agricultural production environment is highly clean, there is no pollution in the production process, its products are safe, non-toxic and side-effects, and people wear white work clothes and hats in the factory army to engage in labor production, so it is visually called "white agriculture".

Characteristics of white agriculture:

(1) Bio-industrial agriculture

Traditional agriculture is the cultivation of green plants based on water and soil. White agriculture is an industrial agriculture that uses high-tech development and a treasure house of abundant microbial resources. It relies on artificial energy, is not restricted by climate and seasons, and can be mass-produced in factories all year round.

(2) Expanded agriculture

White agriculture has broadened the production fields of traditional agriculture and changed the traditional agricultural "single-phase" production mode into a "multi-phase" production mode. That is, green "open-air agriculture" and white "factory agriculture" coexist; green and white "land agriculture" and blue "aquatic agriculture" co-exist. The development of white agriculture is conducive to the transformation of traditional "two-dimensional" agriculture to a new type of "three-dimensional" agriculture.

(3) Resource-saving agriculture

Traditional green agricultural resources are not economically utilized. The products produced by one year of labor can generally only be used directly 40%-50%, and the rest are treated as waste. In white agriculture, the organic waste of animals and plants can be transformed into feed or food through microbial treatment, thereby saving resources and realizing the recycling and comprehensive utilization of resources.

(4) Efficient and environmentally friendly agriculture

White agriculture transforms the traditional green agriculture from the production method of “light” (sunlight) for grain and the ground for grain, into a production method of “grass” (straw) for grain and waste. Compared with traditional crop production of grain, it has the characteristics of a short production cycle, high yield, high efficiency, no pollution, no toxic side effects, saving water and soil resources, no pollution to the environment, and comprehensive utilization of resources. According to scientific calculations, if 2% of the world's total oil production is used for microbial fermentation production, the single-cell protein produced can be eaten by 2 billion people for a year.

Urban agriculture

Urban agriculture refers to an industry that uses intensive methods to meet the needs of urban consumers, utilizes natural resources and urban waste, grows various agricultural products in land and water bodies scattered in every corner of the city or suburbs, and processes and sells them. . Such as: Japan's urban interstitial agriculture, Germany's "civil farm type agriculture", and the Netherlands' "export-oriented agriculture".

Blue agriculture

Blue agriculture refers to marine aquatic farming and pastoralization activities carried out in water bodies. Specifically, all shrimp, shellfish, algae, and fish activities carried out in indoor and outdoor pools and tanks in shallow coastal waters, intertidal zones, and supra-tidal zones The aquaculture industry is included.

Characteristic Agriculture

Characteristic agriculture is the modern agriculture that transforms the unique famous and high-quality products in the region's unique agricultural resource development area into characteristic commodities. The key point of characteristic agriculture lies in the "special", which is specifically manifested in the following three aspects:

One is that the "soul" of characteristic agriculture is the sole existence or the sole respect of me. Since ancient times, our country has had the principle that “things are precious as rare things”. For the development of characteristic agriculture, it is only when people do not have oneself, and when people have oneself, can they become “special”.

The second is that the "root" of characteristic agriculture is talent, that is, natural geographical environment conditions. The natural conditions of various places have been different since ancient times. If you blindly imitate others unrealistically, you will only have the consequences of laboring for the people and fortune.

The third is that the "foundation" of characteristic agriculture is tradition, that is, the habits of planting, breeding or processing that we usually talk about, especially advanced agricultural technologies. Farmers are forced to engage in special breeding regardless of whether they have the skills or not, it will inevitably lead to backfire and half the effort. Of course, we do not rule out that some planting and breeding traditions are acquired. The key is that to truly form a tradition, it not only needs to go through a long-term gradual training process, but also must be compliant and in line with the people’s will, that is, the farmers are willing. Dry.

Efficient agriculture

The concept and connotation of efficient agriculture

(1) Concept: A more comprehensive definition of high-efficiency agriculture is market-oriented, using modern science and technology, making full and reasonable use of resources and the environment, realizing the optimal combination of various production factors, and ultimately achieving the best overall economic, social and ecological benefits Agricultural production and business model.

(2) Connotation: High-efficiency agriculture is more than just a profitable and economically profitable agriculture. The connotation of benefits includes: economic benefits, social benefits, and ecological benefits. Efficient agriculture is the agriculture with the best comprehensive economic, social and ecological benefits.

Economic benefits refer to the economic benefits obtained by human beings on the basis of economic results.

Social benefits refer to the impact and effects of various economic activities such as production or service on social culture, politics, religion, military, and population.

Ecological benefits are the beneficial or beneficial results of human beings in economic activities based on the laws of ecological balance, to the natural ecosystem, to human production, living conditions and environmental conditions.

Green agriculture

Green agriculture includes ecological agriculture, high-efficiency agriculture and post-production agriculture. Any agricultural production of this type that is conducive to environmental protection and food safety and sanitation can be regarded as green agriculture. It is the general term for the production and processing of green food, pollution-free agricultural products and organic food. To develop green agriculture, we must gradually adopt high-tech agricultural technologies and form a modern agricultural system. The key to strategic transfer is scale and technology. The trend is to open up large domestic and foreign markets. The goal is to achieve sustainable agricultural development and advance agricultural modernization to ensure the overall national economy. Healthy development meets the living needs of urban and rural residents in the new century.

Contract farming

Contract farming is also called contract farming or contract farming. This new form of agricultural operation refers to: before agricultural production, farmers and enterprises or intermediary organizations sign a legally effective production and marketing contract, which determines the corresponding rights and obligations of the two parties. Farmers organize production according to the contract, and the enterprise or The intermediary organization purchases the products produced by the farmers in accordance with the contract.

Export-oriented agriculture

Export-oriented agriculture refers to the agriculture of a country or a region that faces the international market and relies on the international division of labor to achieve reproduction. To start from the point of development is not from the national economy but from the international market. It conducts extensive two-way exchanges of production factors and final products with the international market, and uses the international market to complete the recycling activities of reproduction; and establishes the same international market demand changes. The appropriate production structure, product structure, technical structure and organizational structure will form an agricultural operation mechanism and macro-management system that conforms to international norms and is conducive to two-way exchanges.

Jitang Agriculture

Jitang agriculture is a unique agricultural production method created by the people of the Pearl River Delta based on the characteristics of local natural conditions. The base of the fish pond is planted with mulberry, sugarcane, fruit trees, etc., combined with the fish pond are called mulberry fish pond, sugarcane-based fish pond, and fruit-based fish pond. The foundation ponds promote each other, and the mulberry fish pond is the most typical. Jitang agriculture is a characteristic of agriculture in the Pearl River Delta, concentrated in Shunde, Nanhai and other cities.

Oasis Agriculture

Oasis agriculture is also called oasis irrigation agriculture and Wuzhou agriculture. Refers to agriculture distributed in arid desert areas where there is water for irrigation. There are new and old points. Old oasis agriculture is generally distributed in arid desert areas along the banks of rivers and lakes, in the piedmont areas and places where groundwater is exposed in alluvial fans. New oasis agriculture is a new reclamation area opened up in arid desert areas where there are richer agricultural land resources and superior development and utilization conditions with the development of social productivity and the improvement of water conservancy conditions. The world’s oasis agriculture is mainly distributed in West Asia, the central and western regions of the United States, Central Asia in Russia, and Sub-Saharan Africa.