Understand and master the characteristics of legume. how to plant them?



　Because legume vegetables are easy to survive by directing seeds, they can be picked repeatedly, but some legume vegetable seedlings may not be available, such as kidney beans, lentils, cowpeas, and broad beans in Northeast China. In order to ensure good growth and high yield after live broadcast, it is also necessary to understand and master their respective characteristics.


　　●Kidney beans: The biggest feature is that the earlier you pick, the higher the yield. Before planting, you must use dry seeds that are full of grains and harvested last year. Soak the seeds in warm water at 25-30°C for 2-3 hours, and incubate germination in an environment of 25-35°C for 2 days. When the roots are 1 cm long, they can be broadcast on demand. Before sowing, you need to pour the nutrient soil thoroughly. After the water penetrates, plant the 3 seeds that have promoted germination into a hole, cover with 2 cm thick finely crushed nutrient soil, and cover with plastic film for heat preservation. See the topsoil of the seedlings and uncover the plastic film. After half a month, the seedlings can be thinned to settle the seedlings. When thinning the seedlings, remove weak seedlings, diseased seedlings, and insect seedlings. Leave 2-3 seedlings in each hole for root water. Soil can be cultivated when the seedling is 10 cm high. After that, do not water until it blooms and pods, so as to encourage its roots to develop deep into the soil. After the flower buds appear, you can water them. When the first inflorescence starts to sit on the pods and several inflorescences appear, you need to water enough. When the middle and lower pods are elongated and the middle and upper inflorescences appear, water the second time. After entering the pod-setting period, water it as soon as it dries in order to obtain high yields.


　　● Snow peas: Its root system is strong, and it is a tap root crop. Because of its vigorous development of main lateral roots, seedlings are easy to survive after transplanting. Its root exudates can inhibit nodule activity and root growth in the following year, so continuous cropping is not suitable. The stems of snow peas are divided into dwarf, vine and semi-vine. Snow peas is a long-day crop. Most varieties can bloom earlier when the light is prolonged, and the flowering can be delayed when the light is shortened. Under the simultaneous action of longer daylight and lower temperature, the flower bud differentiation node position is low, and the branching node position is high; when the long daylight and high temperature are at the same time, the branching node position is high. For general varieties, strong sunlight and longer sunshine time are required during the pod setting period, but the temperature should not be too high. Snow peas requires high air humidity and sufficient moisture during the entire growth period. If the air humidity is too low during the flowering period, it will cause the flowers and pods to fall; if the high temperature and drought are encountered during the pod setting period, the pods will harden and mature earlier, thereby reducing yield and quality. Therefore, during the whole growth period, sufficient water should be supplied to keep the soil moist, so that the pods of snow peas can be large and full, with high yield and high quality. Snow peas are not tolerant of waterlogging. If the soil moisture is too much, the seeds are easy to rot before the emergence, the roots are easy to rot during the seedling stage, and it is easy to cause diseases and flower drop when the vines are drawn to the flowering stage.


　　● Broad bean: It has a well-developed conical root system, which can penetrate 60-100 cm into the soil. There are clusters of pink nodules on the roots, which can fix the nitrogen in the air and can tolerate a certain amount of salt and alkali. Broad beans have a lot of falling flowers, and the pod setting rate is only 10%-20%. Broad beans like a warm and humid climate, and are not tolerant of high temperatures. 15°C-22°C is the most suitable for flowering and pod formation. Broad beans are more shade-tolerant, and long daylight can promote it to bloom and set pods. During the flowering and budding period, sufficient moisture, moist soil, and non-drying or staining are required. Especially in the budding and flowering period, pod setting period, and bulging period, if there is lack of water, it is easy to fall flowers and pods, resulting in insufficient bean grains. Broad beans have strong branching ability, which is easy to cause canopy, and there are few branches and pods in the later stage. In the early stage of pod setting, the flowers at the top of the plant are often sterile. It is necessary to timely break off the extra side branches and remove the apex in time to reduce nutrient consumption, increase the pod setting rate, and promote the fullness and maturity of the beans. Topping and branching must be done on sunny days to prevent wound infection.


　　●Cowpea: It is a short-day crop, and its dwarf varieties have a slightly stricter response to sunlight than vine varieties. Cowpea likes the sun and needs good sunlight during flowering and pod setting. If there is insufficient light, it will cause flowers and pods to fall. Cowpea has a well-developed root system, strong absorption, and low leaf transpiration, so it is more drought-tolerant. The flowering and pod-setting period requires high air humidity and soil moisture. Water shortage, drought or excessive soil moisture are the main reasons for cowpea falling flowers and pods. Planting cowpea requires more than 2 years of crop rotation, and sufficient base fertilizer is applied before planting. Before the pod-setting period of cowpea, the fertilizer and water should be moderate, and the stems and leaves should not be too luxuriant, which is conducive to the smooth transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. After the pod begins to form, more fertilizer and water should be used frequently to promote flowering and pod formation, keep the stems and leaves growing vigorously, and prevent premature aging after defertilization. Its nodules are not as developed as other legumes, and a certain amount of nitrogen fertilizer must be supplied, but nitrogen fertilizer should not be applied. Phosphate fertilizer must be added to promote the activity of rhizobia. Only when the nodules increase and the pods are full, the yield can be increased.


On the basis of applying sufficient basal fertilizer, the amount of fertilizer required in the seedling stage is small, and it is necessary to control the fertilizer and water, especially pay attention to the application of nitrogen fertilizer, so as to prevent the stems and leaves from being elongated, the branches increase, the flowering and pod nodes are increased, the number of inflorescences decreases, and the middle and lower parts are formed. The vine does not give the pod. The blooming and pod-setting stage requires a lot of fertilizer and water, and the pod-setting fertilizer must be reapplied to promote the increase of flowering and poding, prevent premature aging, and increase yield. Take spring cowpea as an example: Topdressing with 10-20% human manure water 1-2 times during the seedling and vine extraction period; when the plant enters the initial flowering stage, vegetative growth and reproductive growth go hand in hand, resulting in an increase in the number of human manures per mu 1500-2000kg, to promote more flowering and pod; during the harvest period, apply manure water once every 4-5 days, a total of 3-4 times. Cowpea is drought-tolerant. There are more rains in spring in the south, so irrigation is not necessary. However, the summer and autumn are high temperature and drought. Pay attention to fertilization and irrigation to reduce flower and pod and prevent premature decay of vine leaves, so as to prolong the fruit and increase the yield.


　　● Phaseolus vulgaris: Also known as kidney beans, it is the weakest salt-tolerant type of legume vegetables. Due to its weak acid tolerance, slightly acidic and neutral soils are beneficial to the growth of roots and the development of rhizobia. Beans absorb more potassium and nitrogen in the early stages of growth, and the absorption of nitrogen and potassium increases when they bloom and set pods, but the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should not be too much. Although the absorption of phosphorus is less than that of nitrogen and potassium, the lack of phosphorus will affect flowering , Pod setting and seed development. Beans also absorb a large amount of calcium when their tender pods are rapidly expanding. Generally combine watering and topdressing 3-4 times. Beans have strict requirements on water, lack of water, poor plant growth, affecting yield and quality. Excessive water will cause plants to grow longer, causing serious flower and pod drop. The general principle of water management for kidney beans is to control the water before and to promote, water the pods and do not water the flowers. . If it is too dry before flowering, water a small amount of water to meet the needs of flowering. The first inflorescence is generally not irrigated during the flowering period to prevent the branches and leaves from being overgrown and causing the flowers to fall without pods. Start watering when the young pods are 2-3 cm long, and then water once every 5-7 days to keep the soil moist. In the high temperature season, water should be watered frequently and lightly, and watered in the morning and evening to reduce the surface temperature.


　　●Lentil: Developed root system, many lateral roots, strong ability of absorbing water and nutrients, symbiosis with cowpea rhizobia to form spherical nodules, stems sprawling, short and long vines