2. Several forms of soilless cultivation
three-dimensional cultivation rack
In the 1960s, the soilless three-dimensional cultivation model of plant factories was first developed in developed countries. The United States, Japan, Spain, Italy and other countries have researched and developed different forms of soilless three-dimensional cultivation racks, such as multi-layer, hanging, Unit superposition and so on. In the 1990s, my country began to research and promote the three-dimensional cultivation frame and technology of soilless culture. At present, this technology is quite mature and continues to be developed and improved, and more and more agricultural personnel continue to use it to improve and transform the tradition. Agriculture.
After years of exploration and development, the three-dimensional cultivation racks for soilless cultivation of plant factories in my country have undergone the transformation from plane multi-layers to cylinders and polyhedrons, and have formed plane multi-layers, cylinders, polyhedrons, and curtain wall, hanging, pipeline, and Staggered trough type, mobile multi-layer three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack and other forms.
1. Plane multi-layer three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack
At present, flat, multi-layer and three-dimensional soilless cultivation racks are commonly used by most plant factories in Israel, the United States, Japan, China and other countries.
The cultivation technology of the plane multi-layer three-dimensional soilless culture rack can only adopt the hydroponic technology, and its liquid supply box is placed at the bottom of the soilless culture rack, and the soilless culture nutrient solution is injected into the flat cultivation tank from the top of the liquid supply pipe. Each layer of this kind of soilless cultivation rack is equipped with a nutrient pond and a cultivation board. Because of the superposition of the longitudinal layers of the soilless cultivation rack, the natural light decreases from top to bottom, so whether it is used in natural light plant factories or full artificial light Type plant factories must be artificially supplemented with light. The height and space of the plant factory are limited, and the growth of cultivated crops needs to occupy a certain height and space. Coupled with the constraints of operation and management, in most cases the soilless cultivation racks are limited to 3 to 4 floors, resulting in yield and benefits. Increase within a certain range.
2. Cylindrical three-dimensional soilless culture rack
Column type soilless culture
The planting holes of the cylindrical three-dimensional soilless culture frame are evenly distributed on the surface of the cylinder. The plants of soilless culture are planted on the planting holes on the surface of the cylinder, and the roots are exposed inside the cylinder. The plant roots do not need soilless culture substrate. This kind of soilless cultivation frame adopts fog culture technology, and the small particles after the nutrient solution atomization are sprayed directly on the surface of the plant root system, the plant root system can absorb water and nutrients more easily, which greatly promotes the excretion of plant metabolism function, and the plant grows faster. This kind of cultivation rack expands the three-dimensional cultivation area, which is dozens of times that of the plane cultivation, and greatly improves the utilization rate and output rate of the plant factory.
3. Polyhedron three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack
The polyhedral three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack is an independent and innovative cultivation form in my country. Compared with the flat multi-layer, its effect has obvious advantages. The polyhedral three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack provides multi-faceted cultivation beds for cultivating plants. Its cultivation technology uses fog culture technology instead of hydroponics. Each group of cultivation beds shares a nutrient pool. LED lights can be set on the top and side of the cultivation rack to provide light and fertilizer. The space utilization rate is higher, and the water, fertilizer, and gas can be supplemented at the same time, so that the plant grows faster, the cost is lower, the weight is lighter, and the yield and benefits will be maximized.
4. Curtain wall type three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack
Curtain wall type three-dimensional soilless cultivation frame uses the walls of plant factories or artificially designed and constructed curtain walls as cultivation beds for plant soilless cultivation. Its soilless cultivation technology uses hydroponics, and its liquid supply method uses tidal irrigation, under the cultivation bed. Equipped with a nutrient pool, LED lights can be installed on the top of the cultivation rack. Compared with the flat multi-layer three-dimensional cultivation rack, the curtain wall three-dimensional cultivation rack can realize single-sided or double-sided planting according to the design of the curtain wall, with more efficient use of light, more reasonable layout, more convenient operation, larger cultivation area and higher yield.
5. Hanging three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack
The hanging three-dimensional soilless cultivation frame hangs the plant cultivation bed on the top of the plant factory or hangs it on a fixed support at a certain height from the ground, and then sows, irrigates, and fertilizes the soilless cultivation bed. The cultivation technology adopts the substrate soilless cultivation. The soil cultivation nutrient solution is supplied by drip irrigation. The cultivation bed is set off the ground to avoid pollution and infestation of plant roots by surface dust, insects, germs, etc.; the height setting of the soilless cultivation bed above the ground not only ensures the height of the vines of the crop, but also the growth height of the shoots. ; Not only can ensure that the branches and leaves of plant vines efficiently utilize the light resources inside the plant factory, but also simplify the management of plant vines, which is conducive to plant regeneration and cultivation, and increases the fruit-bearing rate of plant vines. For managers engaged in agricultural production, the use of hanging three-dimensional cultivation racks not only expands the growth space of plants, increases planting yields, increases economic benefits, and reduces costs, but also is easy to operate, which not only enhances the agricultural life experience, but is also ecological and environmentally friendly. Continuous agricultural production.
6. Pipeline type three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack
Soilless cultivation, three-dimensional pipeline cultivation
The plant cultivation bed of the pipe-type three-dimensional soilless cultivation frame is composed of a plurality of radially arranged pipes arranged at intervals. The pipes are provided with skylights for planting, and the plant soilless cultivation bed is connected with the nutrient pool through the water supply and return pipes. Plants of soilless culture are planted in the skylight on the pipeline. The cultivation technology adopts hydroponics technology. The nutrient solution of soilless culture is sent to the plant cultivation bed regularly and quantitatively by the automatic timing water supply, so that part of the root system of the plant is immersed in the nutrient solution to absorb nutrients to meet the requirements of the plant. Demand for water, gas and fertilizer. It can be made into different shapes of pipeline forms according to different cultivation spaces, has a simple structure, low cost, and convenient management. While effectively using the cultivation space, it also achieves the purpose of reducing costs, increasing yields and increasing benefits.
7. Staggered trough type three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack
Split-level soilless culture
The staggered trough type three-dimensional soilless cultivation racks plant plants in the cultivation trough, and the density of the plants is determined by the depth and width of the cultivation trough. Staggered trough three-dimensional soilless cultivation racks mostly adopt substrate soilless cultivation, and the bottom of the trough is equipped with a ventilating and leaking plate and drainage pipe fittings for ventilation and drainage to ensure a good growth environment for plants. The staggered arrangement of the cultivation racks ensures that the plants efficiently use the space light resources in the plant factory, and have more sufficient light conditions than the usual A-shaped racks. The height of the soilless cultivation frame is set in a dislocation, which not only effectively utilizes the cultivation area, reduces the cost, increases the output and increases the income, but also can change the working posture, reduce the feeling of fatigue, and meet the humanized needs of people of different heights for operation and management.
8. Mobile multi-layer three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack
The mobile multi-layer three-dimensional soilless cultivation rack is composed of a cultivation rack, a running track, a nutrient solution tank and a computer control system. It uses the longitudinal and multi-layer structure design of the space and automatically rotates to ensure that each plant receives uniform light. The rotation system realizes Automatically follows the light to make the light even, thus more effectively promoting the growth of plants and greatly improving the quality of crops. At the same time, combined with the liquid supply and return system, each plant can be automatically timed and fixed through the control program and the parameters set by the controller to achieve fixed irrigation and fixed-point harvesting, which can save more than half of the labor cost, and the cultivation efficiency is other cultivation. More than three times the way. The use of mobile multi-layer three-dimensional soilless cultivation racks in the plant factory not only realizes multi-layer three-dimensional cultivation, but also realizes mobile soilless cultivation. There is no need to leave a passage for daily inspection and management, which increases the area of soilless cultivation and improves Space utilization rate and reduces labor management costs.
Three, the characteristics of the three-dimensional cultivation frame for soilless cultivation
Practice has proved that the three-dimensional cultivation form of soilless culture will be the focus of the development of ecological agricultural planting. In the limited space of plant factories, three-dimensional cultivation racks tend to be used for plant cultivation and planting, and its characteristics are concentrated in four aspects.
The first is "intensive", that is, intensive production, which reflects the overall comprehensive benefits of resources, technology, and labor, increases the material output per unit area, and alleviates the contradiction between food supply and demand.
The second is "high efficiency", that is, to fully tap the potential of agricultural and industrial by-products, sunlight, water sources and other resources, alleviate the conflicts between people and land, alleviate the conflicts between food and cash crops, vegetables, fruits, and other land competitions, improve resource utilization, and increase labor at the same time. Utilization and utilization efficiency of auxiliary functions.
The third is "sustainability", that is, reducing the residue of harmful substances, improving the quality of the agricultural environment and the ecological environment, and alleviating the pressure on the living environment.
The fourth is "safety", that is, product and environmental safety, which is embodied in the use of multi-species combinations to avoid planting pollution and develop agriculture, and establish a concept of integration of economy and environment.
Fourth, the advantages of three-dimensional cultivation racks for soilless cultivation
The soilless cultivation of plant factories in my country uses three-dimensional cultivation racks to cultivate and plant crops such as vegetables, fruits, flowers and Chinese herbal medicines. With the help of cultivation beds and cultivation rack pipeline equipment, cultivation techniques and environmental control technologies are used to realize crops on the three-dimensional cultivation racks. Production, continuously improve output and production efficiency, and meet people's growing demand. Its main advantages are as follows.
Soilless planting
First of all, make full use of all kinds of light to promote the growth of crops and increase the growth rate of crops. Light plays a very important role in the growth of crops, and reasonable arrangement of the light time for each crop can shorten the growth cycle. In the process of soil cultivation and planting, people will not measure the light time of various crops and the light that is conducive to crop growth. The yield and quality of the output of various crops after photosynthesis under the same light and the same light time are uneven. . The crops grown with the three-dimensional cultivation frame can determine the light time and light that are conducive to the growth of the crop according to the characteristics of each crop, and artificially supplement the light in the case of insufficient natural light to ensure that the crop has sufficient photosynthesis time, so that the crop can be Cross-quarter annual production. The crops produced in such an environment can certainly achieve high yield, high quality and consistent production.
Second, improve the utilization of cultivation space. Since there is no way to achieve multi-layer three-dimensional planting by using natural light, artificial lighting can be added in plant factories, and vertical gradients are cultivated through vertical columns or shelves, and hanging forms. The space develops and makes full use of the cultivation space and Space light expands the cultivation area, so that the yield of crops is more than ten or even dozens of times that of flat cultivation.
Third, it can realize multi-dimensional cultivation of crops. The three-dimensional cultivation frame is used for multi-layer planting, the upper layer can fully absorb natural light, the middle layer partially absorbs natural light, and the bottom layer can almost completely absorb natural light. In the plant factory, a three-layer structure can be set up. The top layer is suspended to cultivate sun-growing vine crops, the middle layer is used to cultivate leafy vegetables through artificial light, and the bottom layer is cultivated for shade-tolerant crops, which can not only expand the cultivation area, but also realize multiple three-dimensional Planting mode to realize the diversification of cultivated crops.
Fourth, use the three-dimensional cultivation frame to promote soilless three-dimensional cultivation and planting
Gradually develop towards standardization, factorization, and standardization, with the characteristics of high technical content and high efficiency. Compared with traditional planting technology, the development basis of three-dimensional cultivation planting is relatively standardized, and the cultivation rack technology, cultivation planting technology, production technology and management level have been significantly improved. In addition, due to the wide variety of three-dimensional cultivating racks, the growth characteristics of crops determine the specifications of the three-dimensional cultivating racks, and each type of cultivating rack has its corresponding cultivation technology used in conjunction with it. The growth characteristics of different crops are very different, so The standardized and standardized development of the three-dimensional cultivation rack facilities for cultivating the same crops can promote the standardized, standardized, and large-scale production of crops, and can become a supporting industry for the economic development of some regions.
Finally, the use of three-dimensional cultivation racks for three-dimensional cultivation and planting is not restricted by the natural environment, and continuous and efficient production can be realized. When the seasons change or encounter natural disasters, traditional crops do not have the ability to adapt to seasonal changes and the ability to resist disasters. A large number of crops are destroyed, causing adverse social impacts and a large amount of economic losses. Almost all three-dimensionally cultivated crops are planted in plant factories, and corresponding measures can be formulated according to seasonal or natural environment changes to cope with these conditions and achieve uninterrupted continuous and high-efficiency production.
The shortcomings of the three-dimensional cultivation frame for soilless cultivation
Since the three-dimensional cultivation rack does not exist alone, it needs the assistance of other facilities. Although the soilless cultivation of plant factories in my country has been promoting the use of the three-dimensional cultivation rack for three-dimensional cultivation and planting, there are still some problems, mainly reflected in the following aspects.
One is the lack of understanding of the three-dimensional cultivation of crops and the lack of an industrialized operating mechanism. In some places where three-dimensional cultivation racks are used for cultivation and planting, there is a lack of correct understanding or understanding of three-dimensional cultivation and planting. They have not seen the huge business opportunities behind them, and it is difficult to form an industrialized operating mechanism.
The second is that it has not been promoted on a large scale. Some people have already started to use the three-dimensional cultivation frame and have benefited from it, but they are only limited to their immediate benefits. They still have a relatively simple understanding of the three-dimensional cultivation frame and the three-dimensional cultivation technology. They have not done in-depth research and are not professional. Conducive to the long-term development of three-dimensional cultivation.
The third is that it does not have universal applicability. When designing and manufacturing the cultivation rack, the builder needs to consider the size of the cultivation space and what kinds of crops it is used for cultivating. The size of the cultivation space and the varieties of the cultivated crops directly affect the specification parameters of the design of the cultivation rack. Once the cultivating rack is determined, the cultivating technology that matches it is also determined. Therefore, a cultivating rack of one specification can basically only correspond to the cultivated crops one-to-one, and cannot make the best use of it.
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